Since December 2024, fi ghting between the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (FARDC) and M23 rebels has intensifi ed across North and South Kivu, despite the 4 August ceasefi re agreement. The confl ict has worsened the humanitarian crisis, triggering massive displacements in Lubero, Masisi, and Goma (North Kivu) and Minova (South Kivu), with spillover effects into Rwanda, further exacerbating vulnerabilities.